en

Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs

  • Received 30.06.2025,
  • Revised 18.10.2025,
  • Accepted 25.11.2025
Download article Download article
Volume 15, No. 4, 2025
  • preventive measure; check of the person; law enforcement agencies; checkpoint; compliance of evidence; rules of judges; liability
  • https://doi.org/10.63341/naia-chasopis/4.2025.39
  • Pages 39-49

Preventive measures are not widely discussed in the scientific literature. Publications are mainly devoted to checking a person's documents, stopping a vehicle, entering a person's home or other property. The relevance of the stated topic is related to a number of issues that arise during the practical application of surface inspection, the need to improve the provisions of legal regulation considering the legal regime of restrictions on human rights, and the course of transformation processes in law enforcement agencies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the principles of surface inspection as a preventive measure used by authorised entities under martial law. The research methodology consisted of comparative legal, hermeneutical, formal logical, system structural, analytical generalising methods, and graphical modelling. It was established that the current legislation of Ukraine contains significant differences in the scope of powers and procedures for conducting a surface inspection. In particular, they relate to determining the range of objects of verification (person, item, vehicle, goods), the procedure for attracting service dogs, conditions and limits for using special means. Territorial restrictions are also important, which are clearly defined by the legislation for border guards (border control areas, checkpoints, and entry and exit checkpoints), while such territorial borders are not established for police officers. Additionally, there are differences in the procedural stages of verification between police officers and military personnel of the state border service of Ukraine. Conflicts between the provisions of legislative acts and bylaws have been identified, which creates a risk of unequal law enforcement and requires comprehensive legal regulation to ensure a unified law enforcement practice. The paper analysed the international experience of establishing responsibility for authorised entities in the illegal application of preventive measures. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used to form and improve the regulatory legal provisions of national legislation regulating the activities of law enforcement agencies in the application of preventive measures

References

  1. Banetka, N. (2022). Police ignorance and (un)reasonable Fourth Amendment exclusion. Vanderbit Law Review, 75, 365-405.
  2. Bolotashvili, Z., Holovkov, O., & Burian, I. (2024). Special features of the application of police preventive measures. Law Journal of Donbass, 4, 47-53. doi: 10.32782/2523-4269-2023-85-47-53.
  3. Dmytrenko, O.O. (2023). Preventive measures to avoid administrative liability. International Scientific Journal “Internauka”. Series: “Juridical Sciences”, 8(66), 9-14. doi: 10.25313/2520-2308-2023-8-9069.
  4. Dzafarova, O.V., Shatrava, S.O., & Leschenko, D.O. (2024). Preventive measures in the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine to ensure human rights and freedoms. Law.ua, 1, 49-53. doi: 10.32782/LAW.UA.2024.1.8.
  5. Edmond, G. (2024). Trial by cognitive ordeal: Irrational approaches to the opinions of investigators, trial integrity and proof. Modern Law Review, 87, 3. 535-569. doi: 10.1111/1468-2230.12848.
  6. Kryvytskyi, Y.V., Chichkan, M.V., Bliakharskyi, Y.S., Chekalyuk, V.V., & Holovko, O.M. (2024). Optimisation of Ukrainian legislation in line with European human rights standards. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(3), 879-890. doi: 10.62271/pjc.16.3.879.890.
  7. Lezhnin, K.V. (2022). Standards for ensuring human rights in the activities of the Security service of Ukraine under martial law. Scientific Notes of Lviv University of Business and Law. Economic Series. Legal Series, 34, 93-101. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7105170.
  8. Liashuk, R.M., & Vychavka, V.I. (2024). Legal grounds for surface inspection of persons, things, goods (cargo) and vehicles by personnel of the state border guard service of Ukraine. Scientific Journal of Lviv State University of Internal Affairs. Law, 1, 28-34. doi: 10.32782/2311-8040/2024-1-4.
  9. Litvinova, I.F., & Lobay, D. (2022). Peculiarities of a search or inspection of housing or other property of a person under the conditions of maritime state in Ukraine. Scientific Works of Kyiv Aviation Institute. Series Law Journal “Air and Space Law”, 4(65), 172-178. doi: 10.18372/2307-9061.65.17055.
  10. Meyer, T., & Sitarman, G. (2023). The national security consequences of the major questions doctrine. Michigan Law Review, 122(1), 55-96. doi: 10.36644/mlr.122.1.national.
  11. Morozov, E.E. (2022). Organizational and legal principles of observance of human and civil rights and freedoms during the application of police measures. Juridical Scientific and Electronic Journal, 10, 863-866. doi: 10.32782/2524-0374/2022-10/218.
  12. Parayko, M.I. (2023). Peculiarities of conducting a search or inspection of a personʼs home or other property under martial law. Transcarpathian legal readings. Law as an instrument of stability and development in the face of modern civilizational challenges. In Materials of the 15th international scientific and practical conference (pp. 252-255). Lviv, Toruń: Liha-Pres. doi: 10.36059/978-966-397-298-5-144.
  13. Pavlyshyn, O.V., Ustymenko, T.P., Babiuk, M.P., Kaida, N.Ya., & Shkrebets, D.V. (2021). Social responsibility as a performance indicator of public authorities. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(3), 111-122. doi: 10.36941/AJIS-2021-0068.
  14. Pidbereznykh, I.E, Horbach-Kudria, I.A., Golubytskyi, S.G., Babichev, A.V., & Loshytskyi, M.V. (2024). Administrative-law status of national security agencies. Revista Juridica Portucalense, 36, 624-652. doi: 10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-27.
  15. Prysiazhniuk, O.A. (2025). Some peculiarities of application of administrative coercion measures by law enforcement agencies of Ukraine during martial law. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, 4(86). doi: 10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.1.4.7.
  16. Rho, Eu.H., Harrington, M., Zhong, Y., Pryzant, R., Camp, N.P., Jurafsky, D., & Eberhardt, J.L. (2023). Escalated police stops of black man are linguistically and psychologically distinct in their earliest moments. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(23), article number e2216162120 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216162120.
  17. Romashkin, S.V. (2024). Legal analysis of the application of the principles of legal responsibility. Transcarpathian legal readings. Sustainable development and institutional capacity in wartime: National and international legal aspects. In Materials of the XVI international scientific and practical conference (pp. 191-194). Lviv, Toruń: Liha-Press. doi: 10.36059/978-966-397-377-7-49.
  18. Scherbakova, G.V. (2022). Typicl violations during a surface check, personal examination and search in cases about drug crime. Law Journal of Donbass, 4(81), 191-194. doi: 10.32782/2523-4269-2022-81-4-2-191- 194.
  19. Sergiienko, N.A., & Babiak, M.O. (2024). Verification of documents by authorized persons during matrial law: A practical dimension. Scientific Innovations and Advanced Technologies. Series: Law, 12(40), 588-603. doi: 10.52058/2786-5274-2024-12(40)-588-603.
  20. Shovkun, Yu.I. (2024). Gaps and shortcomings of regulatory regulation of legal restrictions during public serve. State and Regions. Series: Law, 1(83), 58-63. doi: 10.32782/1813-338X-2024.1.8.
  21. Soleimani-Alyar, L., Rezapur, B., & Eslami, M.A. (2024).Comparative study of the victimʼs fault in civil liability of the police in Iranian and French law. Discover Global Society, 2(20). doi: 10.1007/s44282-024-00041-z.
  22. Somina, V.A. (2025). Analogy of law and analogy of statute in administrative proceedings. Scientific Perspectives, 4(58), 1431-1440. doi: 10.52058/2708-7530-2025-4(58)-1431-1440.
  23. Thybulnyk, N.Y. (2023). Administrative and preventive measures against modern challenges in the state security sector. Dnipro Scientific Journal of Public Administration, Psychology, Law, 1, 162-166. doi: 10.51547/ppp.dp.ua/2023.1.28.
  24. Kovarsky, L.B. (2023). Outcome sensitivy and the constitutional law of criminal procedure. Indian Law Journal, 98(2), 429-478.
  25. Ogapde, G. (2024). Police powers in Ireland. 2-nd edition. Blomomsburt: Bloomsbury Publishing. doi: 10.5040/9781526527578.ch-001.