en

Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs

  • Home
  • Volume 15, No. 4, 2025

  • Introduction of artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies in the process of investigating criminal offences in the field of official activity

  • Received 10.07.2025,
  • Revised 28.10.2025,
  • Accepted 25.11.2025
Download article Download article
Volume 15, No. 4, 2025
  • digitalisation; electronic document management; innovative investigative methods; digital evidence; cybercrime; anti-corruption bodies; illegal enrichment
  • https://doi.org/10.63341/naia-chasopis/4.2025.20
  • Pages 20-38

The purpose of the study was to analyse the Ukrainian and international experience of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the investigation of official offences and develop recommendations for adapting best practices to the Ukrainian legal system. The research methodology was based on a comparative analysis of the regulation and practice of AI implementation in Ukraine, the USA, Great Britain, Australia, and Brazil, with the examination of technological mechanisms of functioning, legal guarantees in law enforcement activities. The study established the specifics of the Ukrainian approach to the implementation of technologies through the creation of an integrated system “iCase”, which provided electronic interaction between the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, the Specialised Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office, and the High Anti-Corruption Court, in contrast to the fragmented implementation in other countries. Technological solutions are systematised: machine learning for analysing large amounts of data, explanatory AI, digital forensics with nine phases of evidence processing, and blockchain analytics for tracking virtual assets. Ukrainian cases were analysed: arrest of Tether, Tron, Ethereum cryptocurrencies in Case No. 991/1512/23 of the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court, verdict in case No. 991/3227/24, risk assessment system in public procurement with 21 automatic indicators, and use of open-source intelligence techniques by the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine. International experience has demonstrated the effectiveness of AI, in particular, in the cases of Rolls-Royce, Operation Gold Rush, the work of the European Prosecutor’s Office, and the use of the Brazilian bot ALICE. Critical challenges were identified: the problem of the “black box” of algorithms, the risks of system bias, legal gaps in relation to digital assets, and the need to harmonise with the EU AI regulation 2024/1689. The results of the study can be used by anti-corruption bodies in the implementation of AI technologies, the judicial system – to form a unified practice for evaluating digital evidence, legislative authorities – in the development of special legislation on AI, and scientific-educational institutions – to train qualified personnel in the field of digital crime investigation

References

  1. Amelin, O. (2024). Features of the prosecutor’s procedural guidance during the investigation of criminal offences in the field of official activity. Scientific Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 29(4), 9-21. doi: 10.56215/naia-herald/4.2024.09.
  2. Amelin, O. (2025). Search of a person as a way of collecting evidence in the pre-trial investigation of accepting an offer, promise or receiving of an illegal benefit by an official. Constitutional State, 58, 220-231. doi: 10.18524/2411-2054.2025.58.331008.
  3. Ansari, N. (2025). Machine learning in forensic evidence examination: A new era. Boca Raton: CRC Press. doi: 10.4324/9781003449164.
  4. Apene, O.Z., Blamah, N.V., & Aimufua, G.I. (2024). Advancements in crime prevention and detection: From traditional approaches to artificial intelligence solutions. European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 285-297. doi: 10.59324/ejaset.2024.2(2).20.
  5. Arjamand, M., Saleem, A., Basit, A., Iftikhar, S., Sharif, M., Cholistani, M.S., Farhan, M., Shumail, Khan, B.A., Ali, Z., Shahid, B., & Hasnain, M. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in forensic science: Transforming investigations through technology. In O. Czenczer, G. Kovács & B. Mészáros (Eds.), Ludovika international law enforcement research symposium conference proceedings (pp. 136-146). Budapest: Hungarian Association of Police Science.
  6. Bandy, A.B., Haffner, E., & Suárez, M.C. (2024). The US government is using AI to detect potential wrongdoing, and companies should too. Retrieved from https://surl.li/rbxfml.
  7. Belousov, Yu.L., Venger, V.M., Gryga, R.M., Gyulmagomedov, D.O., Derkach, S.A., Krapivin, Ye.O., & Yavorska, V.V. (2020). Standards for pre-trial investigation. Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/101KaZ6eL4UiLB4TB3hcE3y3Qe0ju_WAp/view.
  8. Bernazuk, Y. (2025). Artificial intelligence in justice: Risks of algorithmic bias and discrimination. Retrieved from https://court.gov.ua/storage/portal/supreme/prezentacii_2025/125_AI_Algorithmic_Bias_Discrimination_Risks_bernaziuk.pdf.
  9. Blount, K. (2024). Using artificial intelligence to prevent crime: Implications for due process and criminal justice. AI & Society, 39(1), 359-368. doi: 10.1007/s00146-022-01513-z.
  10. Chaikovskyi, D. (2023). Artificial intelligence as a new tool for combating crimes in the economic sphere. Young Scientist’s Tribune, 6, 335-342. doi: 10.32782/yuv.v6.2023.41.
  11. Chin, C. (2025). Is your smart speaker a snitch? Exploring the legal and privacy dangers of voice-activated devices. Retrieved from https://surl.li/tryjjg.
  12. Council on Criminal Justice. (2025). DOJ Report on AI in criminal justice: Key takeaways. Retrieved from https://counciloncj.org/doj-report-on-ai-in-criminal-justice-key-takeaways/.
  13. Cyber Writes Team. (2023). What is digital forensics? Tools, types, phases & history. Retrieved from https://cybersecuritynews.com/what-is-digital-forensics/.
  14. Dunsin, D., Ghanem, M.C., Ouazzane, K., & Vassilev, V. (2024). A comprehensive analysis of the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in modern digital forensics and incident response. Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, 48, article number 301675. doi: 10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301675.
  15. EU Anti-Corruption Initiative. (2025). Corruption risks in public procurement – Ukraine’s agency for restoration is developing a risk management, monitoring, and efficiency evaluation system with the support of EUACI. Retrieved from https://surl.li/vppmww.
  16. European Public Prosecutor’s Office. (2025). 2024 Annual Report: EPPO leading the charge against EU fraud. Retrieved from https://surl.li/srnazr.
  17. Fake cases, real consequences: The AI crisis facing UK law firms. (2025). Retrieved from https://vinciworks.com/blog/fake-cases-real-consequences-the-ai-crisis-facing-uk-law-firms/.
  18. Faqir, R.S. (2023). Digital criminal investigations in the era of artificial intelligence: A comprehensive overview. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 17(2), 77-94. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4766706.
  19. Galassi, T. (2018). OSHA’s use of unmanned aircraft systems in inspections. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/memos/2018-05-18/oshas-use-unmanned-aircraft-systems-inspections.
  20. Gratton, P. (2024). Understanding the SEC. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/ investing/112914/understanding-sec.asp.
  21. Gulyamov, S., & Tatar, S. (2023). The role of artificial intelligence in investigations. Journal of Law & Artificial Intellegence, 2(1), 16-22.
  22. Gund, P., Patil, S., & Phalke, V. (2023). Investigating crime: A role of artificial intelligence in criminal justice. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 11(2), 1520-1526.
  23. Gupta, M., Sood, R.P., & Singh, R. (2025). Artificial intelligence in criminal investigation: Transforming law enforcement and forensic analysis. In B.N., Mukherjee, R. Uduwerage-Perera, M. Mathew & S. Kumar Tripathi (Eds.), Rethinking the police for a better future: Navigating policing challenges with accountability and trust (pp. 311-323). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-83173-7_21.
  24. Gura, O. (2020). Video evidence in criminal proceedings: The view of the Supreme Court. Retrieved from https://femida.ua/news/videodokazy-u-kryminalnomu-sudochynstvi-poglyad-verhovnogo-sudu/.
  25. Independent Commission against Corruption. (2018). Sights firmly set on the engine-room of corruption. Retrieved from https://www.icac.nsw.gov.au/newsletter/issue52/strategic.html.
  26. Internal Revenue Service. (2023). IRS-CI delivers cyber training, blockchain analysis tools to Ukrainian investigators. Retrieved from https://www.irs.gov/compliance/criminal-investigation/irs-ci-delivers-cyber-training-blockchain-analysis-tools-to-ukrainian-investigators.
  27. Kan, C.H. (2024). Criminal liability of artificial intelligence from the perspective of criminal law: An evaluation in the context of the general theory of crime and fundamental principles. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 15(55), 276-313. doi: 10.35826/ijoess.4434.
  28. Karchevsky, M. (2021). Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies: Innovations in combating corruption. Retrieved from https://justtalk.com.ua/post/kriptovalyuti-ta-tehnologii-blockchain-innovatsii-u-protidii-koruptsii.
  29. Kim, S., Park, M., Lee, S., & Kim, J. (2020). Smart home forensics – data analysis of IoT devices. Electronics, 9(8), article number 1215. doi: 10.3390/electronics9081215.
  30. Klyan, A. (2022). Legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine and worldwide. Retrieved from https://golaw.ua/ua/insights/publication/pravove-regulyuvannya-shtuchnogo-intelektu-v-ukrayini-ta-sviti/.
  31. Leheza, Y., Len, V., Shkuta, O., Titarenkо, O., & Cherniak, N. (2022). Foreign experience and international legal standards for the application of artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 13(36), 276-287. doi: 10.46925//rdluz.36.18.
  32. Lontai, M., Pamjav, H., & Petrétei, D. (2024). Artificial intelligence in forensic sciences revolution or invasion? Part I. Belügyi Szemle, 72(4), 701-715. doi: 10.38146/BSZ-AJIA.2024.v72.i4.pp701-715.
  33. Merkle Science. (2025). Securing the blockchain: How tracker simplifies blockchain forensics for law enforcement agencies. Retrieved from https://surl.lu/pumdxr.
  34. Mordvyntsev, M.V., Pashniev, D.V., & Nakonechnyi, V.S. (2025). Specifics of using video analysis technologies and facial recognition software in criminal analysis. Communities & Collections, 96(1), 90-103. doi: 10.32631/ pb.2025.1.08.
  35. Nandipati, S.K., Balaji, J., & Krishna, K. (2024). The role of explainable AI in criminal investigations: Unveiling the black box for justice. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36685.24804.
  36. National Agency on Corruption Prevention. (2024). More than 40% of posts about corruption and anti- corruption are disinformation – results of social media monitoring in August. Retrieved from https://surl.li/wczkye.
  37. National Agency on Corruption Prevention. (2025). Lifestyle monitoring: 4.85 million UAH may be confiscated from the former acting head of the Kharkiv Territorial Centre for Recruitment and Social Support. Retrieved from https://surl.li/knpdjm.
  38. National Anti-Corruption Bureau. (2021). NABU implements innovations to increase the efficiency of pre-trial investigation. Retrieved from https://surl.li/petzeo.
  39. National Anti-Corruption Bureau. (2025). Digitalisation of criminal justice: Integration of iCase and the electronic court. Retrieved from https://surl.li/blypsg.
  40. National Economic Crime Centre. (2025). A world leading cross system operational response to economic crime. Retrieved from https://surl.lu/dvspzg.
  41. O’Connor, C. (2023). DOJ signals increased emphasis on data analytics to prosecute FCPA global corruption. Retrieved from https://surl.li/hpzoaf.
  42. Rigano, C. (2019). Using artificial intelligence to address criminal justice needs. Retrieved from https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252038.pdf.
  43. Sahu, A., Tripathy, P., & Shahi, S. (2024). AI applications in forensic science: Transforming crime scene analysis and investigation. African Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(11), 1871-1879. doi: 10.48047/AFJBS.6.11.2024.1871-1879.
  44. Silver Law Group. (2023). What to know about The SEC’s “EPS Initiative”. Retrieved from https://www.secwhistleblowerlawyers.net/what-to-know-about-the-secs-eps-initiative/.
  45. So, S.J. (2025). Artificial intelligence in anticorruption: Opportunities and challenges. Retrieved from https://surl.lt/jgbjax.
  46. Solon, O. (2020). Insecure wheels: Police turn to car data to destroy suspects’ alibis. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/snitches-wheels-police-turn-car-data-destroy-suspects-alibis-n1251939.
  47. Sophos. (2018). Serious fraud office trialling AI for data-heavy cases. Retrieved from https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2018/09/05/serious-fraud-office-trialling-ai-for-data-heavy-cases/.
  48. State Bureau of Investigations. (2025). The State Bureau of Investigation exposed the leaders of “Ukrproftur” and the Federation of Trade Unions in a scheme to misappropriate state property. Retrieved from https://surl.li/ryjcoa.
  49. Swayne, M. (2021). GIS technology helps map out how America’s mafia networks were “connected”. Retrieved from https://surl.li/vzyhcb .
  50. Teh, P.S., Teoh, A.B., & Yue, S. (2013). A survey of keystroke dynamics biometrics. Scientific World Journal, 2013, article number 408280. doi: 10.1155/2013/408280.
  51. The court seized cryptocurrency found in the possession of the former head of the State Special Communications Service. (2023). Retrieved from https://surl.lt/opwhyc.
  52. The power of big data analytics platforms for police departments. (2025). Retrieved from https://www.cognyte.com/blog/big-data-analytics-platform/.
  53. Tokarieva, K., & Savliva, N. (2021). Peculiarities of legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine. Scientific Works of Kyiv Aviation Institute. Series Law Journal “Air and Space Law”, 3(60), 148-153. doi: 10.18372/2307-9061.60.15967.
  54. Trebilcock, O. (2020). Are Alexa and Google Assistant spying on us? Retrieved from https://www.which.co.uk/ news/article/are-alexa-and-google-assistant-spying-on-us-aW8TJ6N0wdf8.
  55. U.S. General Services Administration. (2025). GSA Fleet telematics. Retrieved from https://surl.li/uejezo.
  56. UK Government. (2025). FOI Log. Retrieved from https://surl.li/xtehig.
  57. United States Government Accountability Office. (2020). Time and attendance: Agencies generally compiled data on misconduct, and reported using various internal controls for monitoring. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709146.pdf.
  58. Velasco, C. (2022). Cybercrime and Artificial Intelligence. An overview of the work of international organizations on criminal justice and the international applicable instruments. ERA Forum, 23, 109-126. doi: 10.1007/s12027-022-00702-z.
  59. What is digital forensics? Phases of digital forensics in cybersecurity. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.eccouncil.org/cybersecurity-exchange/computer-forensics/what-is-digital-forensics/.
  60. Wood, B. (2017). North carolina department of transportation division of motor vehicles license and theft bureau: Investigative report. Retrieved from https://surl.li/urqomr.
  61. World Bank. (2023). Governance Risk Assessment System (GRAS): Advanced data analytics for detecting fraud, corruption, and collusion in public expenditures. Retrieved from https://surl.li/bikbsa.
  62. Yadav, S., Yadav, S., Verma, P., Ojha, S., & Mishra, S. (2023). Artificial intelligence: An advanced evolution in forensic and criminal investigation. Current Forensic Science, 1(1), article number e190822207706. doi: 10.2174/2666484401666220819111603.
  63. Yuk, P. (2017). Rolls-Royce reaches £671m agreement to settle corruption probes. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/04ace079-e3c2-347a-98dc-ec735ea51dbc.
  64. Zinnbauer, D. (2025). Artificial intelligence in anti corruption – a timely update on AI technology. Retrieved from https://surl.li/nizaig.